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@ARTICLE{2025GeoRL..5216964G,
       author = {{Grayver}, Alexander and {Min}, Jingtao and {Olsen}, Nils and {Smith}, Ashley},
        title = "{Assimilation of Ground and Satellite Magnetic Observations Unravels the Ionospheric, Magnetospheric, and Induced Fields During the May and October 2024 Geomagnetic Storms}",
      journal = {\grl},
         year = 2025,
        month = sep,
       volume = {52},
       number = {18},
          eid = {e2025GL116964},
        pages = {e2025GL116964},
     abstract = "{The geomagnetic storms of May and October 2024 were the strongest storms
        of solar cycle 25, with the $Dst$ index as low as
        {\ensuremath{-}}412 nT and auroras down to low latitudes. To
        investigate these extreme events, we developed a global magnetic
        field model of magnetospheric, ionospheric, and Earth-induced
        contributions obtained by assimilating magnetic observations. To
        leverage both ground observatory and multi-satellite magnetic
        data from the Swarm, CryoSat-2, GRACE-FO, and MSS-1 satellites,
        we used a new modeling approach to separate the magnetospheric
        and ionospheric sources, and to model both external and the
        Earth-induced fields with a 1-hr time resolution. The high
        spatio-temporal resolution of the model enables investigating
        the coupling between the mid-latitude ionospheric and
        magnetospheric field sources during all phases of the
        geomagnetic storms. The model reveals the total magnetic field
        disturbance at satellite and ground altitudes, providing
        critical input for space weather and a more accurate
        representation of the geomagnetic field.}",
          doi = {10.1029/2025GL116964},
       adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025GeoRL..5216964G},
      adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}