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@ARTICLE{2026AcGeo..74...75A,
       author = {{Amiresmaeili}, Vahidreza and {Rahimzadegan}, Majid and {Mousavi}, S. Morteza},
        title = "{Evaluation of GRACE satellite data for drought monitoring and groundwater management in a small aquifer in Iran}",
      journal = {Acta Geophysica},
     keywords = {Drought indices, Groundwater, GRACE, GLDAS, Iran, Earth Sciences, Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience},
         year = 2026,
        month = feb,
       volume = {74},
       number = {1},
          eid = {75},
        pages = {75},
     abstract = "{With timely monitoring of drought phenomenon and proper management of
        existing water resources, especially groundwater, the adverse
        effects of destructive factors can be reduced. Satellite data
        such as the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE)
        mission can be used in monitoring drought over different areas.
        This research aims to evaluate the applicability of the GRACE
        data from 2002 to 2017 to calculate drought indices in arid and
        semi-arid regions, especially in a small area such as the
        Rafsanjan Plain, Iran. Our findings indicate that Modified Total
        Storage Deficit Index (MTSDI) outperforms Total Storage Deficit
        Index (TSDI) and Total Water Storage Deficit Index (TWSDI),
        because it removes the effect of changes due to human activities
        from the Total Water Storage Anomaly (TWSA) time series. Also,
        the traditional meteorological drought indices including
        Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Z-Score Index (ZSI),
        China-Z index (CZI), and Modified CZI (MCZI) had a weaker
        relationship with GRACE-derived indices (except for MTSDI),
        which suggests that TSDI and TWSDI might not be the best choice
        for evaluating droughts that affect groundwater. Meanwhile, the
        effect of subtracting components modeled by the Global Land Data
        Assimilation System (GLDAS) from GRACE data for estimating
        groundwater storage was investigated. The results demonstrated
        that the water-level observation data had a strong correlation
        with the GRACE data, and subtracting GLDAS components did not
        significantly improve GRACE estimations of groundwater changes.
        In fact, in most observation wells, the correlation values
        slightly decreased, which was not statistically significant.
        Moreover, exploring time lags ranging from 0 to 11 months in
        both GRACE data and GRACE minus GLDAS data did not lead to any
        notable improvement in correlation across the observation wells.
        Therefore, GRACE-derived TWSA can be effectively used to support
        groundwater resource assessment and drought monitoring in arid
        and semi-arid regions.}",
          doi = {10.1007/s11600-026-01797-5},
       adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026AcGeo..74...75A},
      adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}