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@ARTICLE{2026GeoJI.245..055Y,
       author = {{Yu}, Nan and {Wang}, Jinghuan and {Li}, Jiancheng},
        title = "{Revisiting climate-driven low-degree spherical harmonic variations through the improved reconstruction of hydrospheric and cryospheric mass redistributions}",
      journal = {Geophysical Journal International},
     keywords = {Global change from geodesy, Satellite gravity, Time-series analysis, Glaciology, Hydrology},
         year = 2026,
        month = apr,
       volume = {245},
       number = {1},
          eid = {ggag055},
        pages = {ggag055},
     abstract = "{The degree-2 spherical harmonic coefficients of Earth's time-variable
        gravity field are highly sensitive to large-scale mass
        redistribution within the hydrosphere and cryosphere. Under
        contemporary global warming, climate-driven mass changes in
        these reservoirs are a dominant source, yet their individual
        contributions remain incompletely quantified. Traditional
        estimates based on hydrospheric models, filtered GRACE spherical
        harmonic solutions or GRACE Mascon products are limited by
        incomplete cryospheric representation, spatial leakage and
        regularization biases. Here, we apply the Fingerprint Approach
        that solves the sea-level equation on an elastic Earth to
        generate geoid fingerprints for four barystatic processes:
        terrestrial water storage, the Greenland Ice Sheet, the
        Antarctic Ice Sheet and mountain glaciers. Using these
        fingerprints and unfiltered GRACE/GRACE-FO Stokes coefficients
        for 2003─2024, we reconstruct the individual degree-2
        coefficients C$_{20}$, C$_{21}$ and S$_{21}$, along with the
        associated time-series of Earth's dynamic oblateness (J$_{2}$)
        and the mass terms of polar motion excitation (, ). We evaluate
        the reconstructed contributions against residual geodetic
        observations from satellite laser ranging and Earth orientation
        parameters, after removing atmospheric, oceanic and glacial
        isostatic adjustment effects. The combined hydrospheric and
        cryospheric reconstructions reproduce both the secular trends
        and annual cycles of the residual observed J$_{2}$,  and
        series. Terrestrial water storage dominates the seasonal
        variability of J$_{2}$,  and , whereas accelerated ice-mass loss
        from Greenland and Antarctica controls the secular trend, with
        mountain-glacier mass loss also contributing to the long-term
        trend in J$_{2}$. The resulting polar motion excitation drift
        closely matches the residual geodetic estimate in both magnitude
        and direction, indicating that contemporary climate-driven mass
        redistribution can largely account for recent changes in
        residual geodetic observations, and demonstrating the value of
        fingerprint-based reconstructions for monitoring climate impacts
        on the Earth system.}",
          doi = {10.1093/gji/ggag055},
       adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026GeoJI.245..055Y},
      adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}