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@ARTICLE{2026OcSci..22.2903S,
       author = {{Song}, Zhe and {Cazenave}, Anny and {Llovel}, William and {Storto}, Andrea and {Bouih}, Marie},
        title = "{North Atlantic sea level budget revisited}",
      journal = {Ocean Science},
         year = 2026,
        month = sep,
       volume = {22},
       number = {5},
        pages = {2903-2914},
     abstract = "{Based on satellite altimetry, GRACE space gravimetry and Argo-based
        steric data down to 2000 m, recent studies have shown that the
        North Atlantic sea level budget (i.e., altimetry-based sea level
        minus sum of components) of the past two decades is not closed,
        with strong regional residuals in the North Atlantic. In this
        study, we revisit the North Atlantic sea level budget, using
        satellite altimetry, GRACE and GRACE-FO data, different Argo
        products and an ocean reanalysis (CIGAR) over the 2004--2022
        time span. The ocean reanalysis is used to estimate the
        manometric contribution, an alternative to using GRACE data, as
        well as the deep ocean contribution to the sea level budget, not
        yet fully sampled by Argo. Analyzing different data sets allows
        us to assess their impact on the previously reported non-closure
        of the North Atlantic sea level budget. We first find that using
        the CIGAR ocean reanalysis-based manometric component
        significantly reduces the residuals of the North Atlantic sea
        level budget compared to GRACE. We also find that accounting for
        the deep ocean (below 2000 m) thermal expansion (using the CIGAR
        reanalysis) allows for reducing 90 \% the North Atlantic budget
        residuals when using CIGAR for the manometric component. The
        budget can be closed within the data uncertainties when CIGAR
        manometric and full depth steric sea level are included.}",
          doi = {10.5194/os-22-2903-2026},
       adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026OcSci..22.2903S},
      adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}