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@ARTICLE{2026RemS...18..695G,
       author = {{Gao}, Geng and {Zhang}, Shoujian and {Zhao}, Yongqi and {Liu}, Haifeng and {Zhong}, Luping},
        title = "{Impacts of Line-of-Sight Kinematic and Dynamic Empirical Parameters on GRACE-FO Orbit Determination and Gravity Field Recovery}",
      journal = {Remote Sensing},
     keywords = {dynamic empirical parameter, kinematic empirical parameter, orbit determination, gravity field recovery, GRACE},
         year = 2026,
        month = feb,
       volume = {18},
       number = {5},
          eid = {695},
        pages = {695},
     abstract = "{What are the main findings? Dynamic and kinematic empirical
        parameterizations reduce low-frequency KBR residuals by
        \raisebox{-0.5ex}\textasciitilde20\%, acting as effective
        temporal filters. The combined DYN+KIN scheme increases oceanic
        EWH noise by \raisebox{-0.5ex}\textasciitilde16\% and amplifies
        striping. Dynamic and kinematic empirical parameterizations
        reduce low-frequency KBR residuals by
        \raisebox{-0.5ex}\textasciitilde20\%, acting as effective
        temporal filters. The combined DYN+KIN scheme increases oceanic
        EWH noise by \raisebox{-0.5ex}\textasciitilde16\% and amplifies
        striping. What are the implications of the main findings? All
        dynamic and kinematic parameterization strategies consistently
        improve GNSS-based GRACE-FO orbit accuracy. Over-
        parameterization in DYN+KIN damps the 160-day C$_{2,0}$ signal,
        revealing a trade-off between noise suppression and geophysical
        signal fidelity. All dynamic and kinematic parameterization
        strategies consistently improve GNSS-based GRACE-FO orbit
        accuracy. Over-parameterization in DYN+KIN damps the 160-day
        C$_{2,0}$ signal, revealing a trade-off between noise
        suppression and geophysical signal fidelity. The dynamic
        approach integrates Global Positioning System and K-band range-
        rate (KRR) observations to enable precise orbit determination
        (POD) and gravity field recovery. However, background model
        uncertainties and temporal aliasing introduce frequency-
        dependent noise into the post-fit KRR residuals, thereby
        degrading overall solution accuracy. To mitigate these effects,
        empirical signals are typically modeled using either dynamic
        (DYN) or kinematic (KIN) parameterization strategies.
        Nevertheless, the combined use of DYN and KIN parameterizations
        remains largely unassessed, and their potential synergistic
        impact on POD and gravity field recovery merits systematic
        evaluation. This study evaluates the individual and joint
        impacts of DYN and KIN (DYN+KIN) on The Gravity Recovery and
        Climate Experiment (GRACE) Follow-On orbit accuracy and monthly
        gravity field recovery using nearly one year of 2019 data
        (excluding February due to severe data gaps). The refined
        solutions act as empirical temporal filters, effectively
        suppressing low-frequency components in KRR residuals,
        particularly below 1-cycle-per-revolution. Relative to nominal
        ambiguity-fixed reduced-dynamic orbits, the refined solutions
        mainly enhance the cross-track component, with DYN+KIN showing
        the largest improvement, while along-track precision experiences
        only minor (sub-millimeter) degradation. Overall three-
        dimensional orbit accuracy improves from 3.8 cm to 3.0 cm (DYN),
        2.8 cm (KIN), and 2.8 cm (DYN+KIN). In terms of gravity field
        recovery, the DYN+KIN solution begins to exhibit more pronounced
        deviations from the other solutions beyond degree and order 30.
        Over oceanic regions, residual mass anomaly analysis shows that
        the DYN+KIN solution is associated with an approximately 16\%
        higher noise level compared to the individual DYN and KIN
        strategies, which exhibit modest noise reductions relative to
        the nominal solution. The DYN+KIN also exhibits a dampened
        \raisebox{-0.5ex}\textasciitilde160-day periodicity in the
        temporal evolution of low-degree coefficients (e.g., C$_{2,0}$),
        likely due to spectral overlap between empirical parameter
        frequencies and low-degree gravity signal components. These
        results indicate that over-parameterization introduces spectral
        redundancy and absorbs geophysical signals, underscoring the
        need to balance parameter flexibility and signal fidelity in
        gravity recovery strategies.}",
          doi = {10.3390/rs18050695},
       adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026RemS...18..695G},
      adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}