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@ARTICLE{2026ScChD..69.3437Z,
       author = {{Zhu}, Yixun and {Ji}, Yifei and {Xiong}, Chao and {Dong}, Zhen and {Zhang}, Yongsheng and {Sun}, Baohua and {Tang}, Feixiang},
        title = "{Observations of aurora with combined C-band Sentinel-1 and multi-sensor data: A case study during the 11 May 2024 super geomagnetic storm}",
      journal = {Science China Earth Sciences},
     keywords = {Synthetic Aperture Radar, Aurora, Geomagnetic storm, DMSP, Swarm},
         year = 2026,
        month = sep,
       volume = {69},
       number = {9},
        pages = {3437-3447},
     abstract = "{Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) provides all-weather, day and night
        operation with high spatial resolution, demonstrating potential
        in retrieving small-scale ionospheric disturbances. However, its
        capability for detecting auroral particle precipitation remains
        largely unexplored. This study investigates the impact of
        auroral interference on dual-polarization C-band Sentinel-1 SAR
        imagery over Europe and demonstrates that both VV and VH
        polarization channels can be employed to retrieve the
        ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) variations associated
        with auroral activity. Using the super geomagnetic storm that
        occurred on 11 May 2024 as a case study, the interferograms
        reveal two phase enhancement regions extending southeastward and
        northeastward, consistent with two auroral activity events
        recorded by Special Sensor Ultraviolet Spectrographic Imager
        (SSUSI) observations. Combined with coordinated observations
        from multiple satellites including Swarm, the Defense
        Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP), and Gravity Recovery
        and Climate Experiment Follow-On (GRACE-FO), our study shows
        that during a geomagnetic storm with solar wind velocity
        reaching approximately 800 km s$^{-1}$, the auroral structures
        exhibited breakup and dynamic evolution characterized by
        equatorward expansion. Our findings demonstrate that Sentinel-1
        has the potential to detect and monitor ionospheric fine-scale
        structure variations caused by auroral particle precipitation,
        serving as a valuable complement to existing space-based
        observation methods and could help build a comprehensive auroral
        activity monitoring system with other space observation
        platforms.}",
          doi = {10.1007/s11430-025-2010-1},
       adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026ScChD..69.3437Z},
      adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}