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@ARTICLE{2026SpWea..2405089S,
       author = {{Song}, Hosub and {Keum}, Ki--Hwan and {Park}, Jaeheung and {Yang}, Tae--Yong and {Sohn}, Jongdae and {Song}, Youngbum and {Zheng}, Yihua and {Lee}, Dae--Hee and {Lee}, Jaejin},
        title = "{Orbital Decay of the Three SNIPE CubeSats During the Super Geomagnetic Storm in May 2024}",
      journal = {Space Weather},
     keywords = {CubeSat, TLE, satellite drag, SNIPE},
         year = 2026,
        month = aug,
       volume = {24},
       number = {8},
          eid = {e2026SW005089},
        pages = {e2026SW005089},
     abstract = "{The Mother's Day (Gannon) geomagnetic superstorm of May 2024 produced
        extreme thermospheric heating and expansion, resulting in
        enhanced atmospheric drag on low Earth orbiting (LEO)
        satellites. We investigate storm--time thermospheric drag and
        density variability using three satellites of the Small--scale
        magNetospheric and Ionospheric Plasma Experiment (SNIPE) 6U
        CubeSat constellation, complemented by density measurements from
        Swarm, GRACE--FO, and MSIS 2.1. Despite operating at nearly
        identical orbits, SNIPE--B and SNIPE--D experienced
        significantly different altitude losses during the storm,
        attributed to differences in effective along--track cross--
        sectional area arising from different attitude control modes---
        demonstrating that spacecraft configuration strongly influences
        drag even for identical CubeSat platforms. SNIPE--B's drag--
        derived density shows strong correlation with GRACE--FO
        measurements, whereas MSIS 2.1 underestimates density near storm
        peaks. However, the inter--altitude drag ratio between SNIPE--A
        and SNIPE--B agrees qualitatively with MSIS 2.1 predictions,
        suggesting the model captures thermospheric vertical structure
        under extreme force. These results demonstrate that publicly
        available two--line element data, when combined with attitude
        information, provide a cost--effective method for monitoring
        storm--time thermospheric density. Our findings highlight the
        importance of attitude information in drag analyses and suggest
        that CubeSat constellations offer significant potential for
        thermospheric modeling and space weather monitoring.}",
          doi = {10.1029/2026SW005089},
       adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026SpWea..2405089S},
      adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}