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@ARTICLE{2026WRR....6241565G,
       author = {{Ghaneei}, Parnian and {Moradkhani}, Hamid},
        title = "{An Effective Monitoring of Evolving Groundwater Drought via Multivariate Data Assimilation and Machine Learning}",
      journal = {Water Resources Research},
     keywords = {groundwater drought, land surface modeling, data assimilation, machine learning},
         year = 2026,
        month = feb,
       volume = {62},
       number = {2},
          eid = {e2025WR041565},
        pages = {e2025WR041565},
     abstract = "{Groundwater drought represents one of the most pervasive and difficult-
        to-monitor forms of water scarcity, threatening the reliability
        of freshwater supply for over 2 billion people worldwide,
        agricultural productivity, and ecosystem health. Despite its
        critical importance, monitoring groundwater drought with high
        spatial and temporal resolution remains challenging due to
        limited in situ observations, coarse-resolution satellite data,
        and uncertainties in models. In this study, we introduce an
        observation-informed approach for producing daily groundwater
        drought maps at 1/8{\textdegree} resolution across the
        contiguous United States (CONUS). Leveraging high-performance
        computing, we jointly assimilate Soil Moisture Active Passive
        soil moisture and GRACE-FO terrestrial water storage data into
        the Noah-MP land surface model to enhance the representation of
        groundwater─surface water interactions while accounting for
        uncertainties, enabling a more accurate representation of
        groundwater drought dynamics. Considering the spatial and
        temporal complexities of drought patterns, we employ the Growing
        Neural Gas, a machine learning-based pattern recognition
        algorithm, to identify emergent, evolving, and region-specific
        behaviors of groundwater drought. The results reveal the onset
        of distinct and persistent dry clusters in recent years across
        the contiguous United States (CONUS), identifying the severe
        groundwater drought conditions that notably impacted large
        regions of both the Western and Northeastern CONUS. Our findings
        highlight the need to reassess groundwater resilience
        strategies, especially as droughts intensify and persist over
        large domains.}",
          doi = {10.1029/2025WR041565},
       adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026WRR....6241565G},
      adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}