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@ARTICLE{2026WRR....6243628Y,
       author = {{Yin}, Gaohong and {Zhang}, Zhihan and {Wan}, Yankai and {Park}, Jongmin and {Ahmad}, Jawairia A. and {Bian}, Jianmin},
        title = "{Hydrologic Implications of GNSS Vertical Displacements in Cold Regions: Insights From Northeast China}",
      journal = {Water Resources Research},
     keywords = {GNSS, GRACE, vertical displacement, terrestrial water storage},
         year = 2026,
        month = sep,
       volume = {62},
       number = {9},
          eid = {e2026WR043628},
        pages = {e2026WR043628},
     abstract = "{Ground--based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) vertical
        displacements are increasingly used to infer terrestrial water
        storage (TWS) variations, but their applicability remains
        uncertain where weak hydrological signals coexist with non--
        hydrological deformation processes. This study evaluates the
        potential of GNSS--derived vertical displacements to capture TWS
        variability in Northeast China (NEC), a representative cold
        region characterized by weak hydrologic variability, a sparse
        GNSS network, and widespread freeze--thaw processes. Vertical
        displacements from GNSS, GRACE, and the Noah land surface model
        during 2012--2023 were compared. At the regional scale, network
        --mean GNSS displacements calculated using all examined stations
        were moderately correlated with GRACE-- and Noah--based
        estimates (R = 0.61 and 0.68, respectively). At the station
        scale, GNSS captured long--term and interannual TWS variations
        at most stations, but its seasonal cycle differed markedly from
        GRACE and Noah. Agreement between GNSS and GRACE degraded
        substantially in winter (R = 0.30), possibly due in part to non
        --elastic deformation associated with freeze--thaw processes.
        Regional--average snow water equivalent was weakly correlated
        with station--mean vertical displacements from GNSS (R = 0.10),
        GRACE (R = 0.28), and Noah (R = -0.21), while correlations
        between TWS anomalies and vertical displacements were -0.60,
        -0.88, and -0.91, respectively. These results suggest that snow
        mass alone does not dominate seasonal TWS variability in NEC.
        Overall, GNSS vertical displacements capture regional and
        interannual TWS variations in cold regions, highlighting their
        potential for large--scale hydrological monitoring. However,
        possible non--elastic deformation associated with freeze--thaw
        processes requires further investigation to improve GNSS--based
        hydrological applications in complex cold--region environments.}",
          doi = {10.1029/2026WR043628},
       adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026WRR....6243628Y},
      adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}