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Estimation of groundwater storage loss for the Indian Ganga Basin using multiple lines of evidence

Janardhanan, Sreekanth, Nair, Akhilesh S., Indu, J., Pagendam, Dan, and Kaushika, G. S., 2023. Estimation of groundwater storage loss for the Indian Ganga Basin using multiple lines of evidence. Scientific Reports, 13:1797, doi:10.1038/s41598-023-28615-y.

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@ARTICLE{2023NatSR..13.1797J,
       author = {{Janardhanan}, Sreekanth and {Nair}, Akhilesh S. and {Indu}, J. and {Pagendam}, Dan and {Kaushika}, G.~S.},
        title = "{Estimation of groundwater storage loss for the Indian Ganga Basin using multiple lines of evidence}",
      journal = {Scientific Reports},
         year = 2023,
        month = jan,
       volume = {13},
          eid = {1797},
        pages = {1797},
     abstract = "{We used remote sensing data, field observations and numerical
        groundwater modelling to investigate long-term groundwater
        storage losses in the regional aquifer of the Ganga Basin in
        India. This comprised trend analysis for groundwater level
        observations from 2851 monitoring bores, groundwater storage
        anomaly estimation using GRACE and Global Land Data Assimilation
        System (GLDAS) data sets and numerical modelling of long-term
        groundwater storage changes underpinned by over 50,000
        groundwater level observations and uncertainty analysis. Three
        analyses based on different methods consistently informed that
        groundwater storage in the aquifer is declining at a significant
        rate. Groundwater level trend indicated storage loss in the
        range {\ensuremath{-}} 1.1 to {\ensuremath{-}} 3.3 cm
        year$^{{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ (median {\ensuremath{-}} 2.6 cm
        year$^{{\ensuremath{-}}1}$) while the modelling and GRACE
        storage anomaly methods indicated the storage loss in the range
        of {\ensuremath{-}} 2.1 to {\ensuremath{-}} 4.5 cm
        year$^{{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ (median {\ensuremath{-}} 3.2 cm
        year$^{{\ensuremath{-}}1}$) and {\ensuremath{-}} 1.0 to
        {\ensuremath{-}} 4.2 cm year$^{{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ (median
        {\ensuremath{-}} 1.7 cm year$^{{\ensuremath{-}}1}$)
        respectively. Probabilistic modelling analysis also indicated
        that the average groundwater storage is declining in all the
        major basin states, the highest declining trend being in the
        western states of Rajasthan, Haryana and Delhi. While smaller
        compared to the western states, average groundwater storage in
        states further towards east{\textemdash}Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and
        West Bengal within the basin are also declining. Time series of
        storage anomalies obtained from the three methods showed similar
        trends. Probabilistic storage analysis using the numerical model
        vetted by observed trend analysis and GRACE data provides the
        opportunity for predictive analysis of storage changes for
        future climate and other scenarios.}",
          doi = {10.1038/s41598-023-28615-y},
       adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023NatSR..13.1797J},
      adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}

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