GRACE and GRACE-FO Related Publications (no abstracts)

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Gravimetry-based terrigenous freshwater extension in the southwestern South China Sea and its response to monsoon under ENSO

Ma, Zhongtian and Fok, Hok Sum, 2023. Gravimetry-based terrigenous freshwater extension in the southwestern South China Sea and its response to monsoon under ENSO. Science of the Total Environment, 857:159583, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159583.

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@ARTICLE{2023ScTEn.85759583M,
       author = {{Ma}, Zhongtian and {Fok}, Hok Sum},
        title = "{Gravimetry-based terrigenous freshwater extension in the southwestern South China Sea and its response to monsoon under ENSO}",
      journal = {Science of the Total Environment},
     keywords = {Oceanic freshwater extension, GRACE, Wavelet analysis, Monsoon, ENSO},
         year = 2023,
        month = jan,
       volume = {857},
          eid = {159583},
        pages = {159583},
     abstract = "{Terrigenous discharge represents a mass movement from land to oceanic
        environment. While previous studies characterized terrigenous
        freshwater via oceanographic (physical and biochemical) data,
        the persistent fresh water in the far-field ocean via satellite-
        gravimetric observation has been rarely explored. This paper
        aims to characterize the spatiotemporal extension of Mekong
        freshwater and the interchangeable role of runoff and climatic
        factors in the southwestern South China Sea. Employing wavelet
        coherence analysis between the in situ runoff and oceanic
        freshwater variations inferred from satellite gravimetry, the
        coherence and transport duration were obtained at annual, intra-
        and inter-annual time scales during 2003{\textendash}2015.
        Despite weak relationship at 6-month and 24-month scales in
        regions away from the estuary, the two time series remained
        significantly correlated at the 12-month scale with a highly
        positive coherence over 0.97. Spatial pattern of the annual
        transport duration further indicated that freshwater firstly
        flowed alongshore before turning eastward offshore,
        qualitatively consistent with the northeastward western boundary
        current and an anticyclonic eddy during the summertime generated
        from the ocean circulation model. Using partial wavelet
        coherence, the time-variable relationship at all these three
        scales was found closely related to the Indian Monsoon and
        Western North Pacific Monsoon. A series of alternating ENSO
        events during 2007{\textendash}2011 were responsible for the
        inter-annual variations, contributing <5 \% to the seasonal
        freshwater extension. Compared with the averaged transport
        duration of the isotope method (i.e., 21.5 days) and the
        geostrophic current computation (i.e., 38.8 days) in the summer
        of 2007, our method yielded a comparable transport duration of
        23.9 days with smaller uncertainties. The wind-driven Ekman
        transport, however, was primarily responsible for the
        anticyclonic movement of freshwater transport in the
        southwestern South China Sea during late summer.}",
          doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159583},
       adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023ScTEn.85759583M},
      adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}

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