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Evaluating the Dynamics of Groundwater Storage and Its Sustainability in the Loess Plateau: The Integrated Impacts of Climate Change and Human Activities

Li, Jifei and Ma, Jinzhu, 2024. Evaluating the Dynamics of Groundwater Storage and Its Sustainability in the Loess Plateau: The Integrated Impacts of Climate Change and Human Activities. Remote Sensing, 16(23):4375, doi:10.3390/rs16234375.

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@ARTICLE{2024RemS...16.4375L,
       author = {{Li}, Jifei and {Ma}, Jinzhu},
        title = "{Evaluating the Dynamics of Groundwater Storage and Its Sustainability in the Loess Plateau: The Integrated Impacts of Climate Change and Human Activities}",
      journal = {Remote Sensing},
     keywords = {GRACE, groundwater storage, climate change, human activities, land use change},
         year = 2024,
        month = nov,
       volume = {16},
       number = {23},
          eid = {4375},
        pages = {4375},
     abstract = "{In recent decades, the Loess Plateau has undergone rapid urbanization
        alongside extensive afforestation efforts aimed at controlling
        soil erosion. These large-scale land use changes have inevitably
        affected the region's hydrological cycle. Despite these changes,
        the impact on groundwater has not been thoroughly investigated.
        This study aims to examine the spatial and temporal evolution of
        groundwater storage (GWS) in the Loess Plateau from 2003 to
        2022, identify the driving factors behind these changes, and
        evaluate the sustainability of groundwater levels through the
        Reliability{\textendash}Resilience{\textendash}Vulnerability
        framework. GWS changes were estimated using GRACE gravity
        satellite data and the Global Land Assimilation Dataset (GLDAS).
        Our study also analyzed the drivers of GWS evolution by
        integrating land use change data, ERA5-Land reanalysis data, and
        various statistical data. Our findings indicate a decline in GWS
        at a rate of ‑6.9 {\ensuremath{\pm}} 3.84 mm/yr. Seasonal
        variations show that the GWS is relatively higher in spring and
        autumn, but lower in summer and winter. The eastern part of the
        Loess Plateau in particular is experiencing a rate of decline
        that is 150\% of that of the overall regional average.
        Groundwater storage in the Loess Plateau is currently at a
        critically unsustainable level, with conditions in the west
        being more favorable compared to the central and eastern
        regions. Climate factors such as precipitation, evaporation, and
        runoff did not show a significant correlation with GWS changes.
        Increases in forest areas and water consumption together
        explained 95.8\% of the changes in GWS, with forest area growth
        being the dominant factor. Human activities are identified as
        the main cause of GWS decline. This study's findings improve our
        understanding of GWS dynamics in the Loess Plateau and offer a
        scientific basis for formulating groundwater resource management
        and ecological restoration policies in the region.}",
          doi = {10.3390/rs16234375},
       adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024RemS...16.4375L},
      adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}

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