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Regional sea level budget around Taiwan and Philippines over 2002‒2021 inferred from GRACE, altimetry, and in-situ hydrographic data: Regional sea level budget around Taiwan and Philippines\textellipsis

Lan, Wen-Hau, Lee, Chi-Ming, Kuo, Chung-Yen, Lin, Li-Ching, and Handoko, Eko Yuli, 2025. Regional sea level budget around Taiwan and Philippines over 2002‒2021 inferred from GRACE, altimetry, and in-situ hydrographic data: Regional sea level budget around Taiwan and Philippines\textellipsis. Journal of Geodesy, 99(1):5, doi:10.1007/s00190-024-01928-0.

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@ARTICLE{2025JGeod..99....5L,
       author = {{Lan}, Wen-Hau and {Lee}, Chi-Ming and {Kuo}, Chung-Yen and {Lin}, Li-Ching and {Handoko}, Eko Yuli},
        title = "{Regional sea level budget around Taiwan and Philippines over 2002‒2021 inferred from GRACE, altimetry, and in-situ hydrographic data: Regional sea level budget around Taiwan and Philippines{\textellipsis}}",
      journal = {Journal of Geodesy},
     keywords = {Sea level budget, Satellite altimetry, GRACE, In-situ hydrographic data, Earth Sciences, Oceanography},
         year = 2025,
        month = jan,
       volume = {99},
       number = {1},
          eid = {5},
        pages = {5},
     abstract = "{The regional sea level budget and interannual sea level changes around
        Taiwan and Philippines are studied using altimetry, GRACE, and
        in-situ hydrographic data during 1993‒2021. Results show that
        the average sea level trend around Taiwan and Philippines during
        1993{\textendash}2021 derived from the altimetric data is 3.6
        {\ensuremath{\pm}} 0.2 mm/yr. Over 2002{\textendash}2021, the
        study shows closure of sea level budget in the eastern ocean of
        Taiwan and Philippines within the observed data uncertainties,
        and the ocean mass accounts for 88\%{\textendash}100\% of the
        observed sea level rise. In contrast, the sea level budget is
        not closed in the western ocean of Taiwan and Philippines,
        probably due to the lack of complete coverage by in-situ ocean
        observing systems. In addition, both regional sea level
        anomalies and their steric component around Taiwan and
        Philippines exhibit pronounced interannual and decadal
        variabilities. The trade wind stress associated with El
        Ni{\~n}o{\textendash}Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal
        Oscillation offers a compelling explanation for the interannual
        and decadal signals of sea level anomalies in the southern ocean
        of Taiwan, with negative correlations of ‑ 0.78 to ‑ 0.64,
        indicating that trade wind stress makes a negative contribution
        to interannual-to-decadal sea level variability. In the
        northwestern ocean of Taiwan, the sea level variation is
        strongly influenced by the local monsoon system and shallow
        bathymetry with an annual amplitude of 90.3 {\ensuremath{\pm}}
        2.9 mm, larger than those in other regions around Taiwan and
        Philippines, where ocean mass is dominant with a high
        correlation with the sea level (+ 0.75 to + 0.78).}",
          doi = {10.1007/s00190-024-01928-0},
       adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025JGeod..99....5L},
      adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}

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