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Potential and effective recharge of the Federal District shallow aquifers, Brazilian savanna region - coupled analysis of GLDAS-2, Water Table Fluctuation (WTF) and rainfall pattern

Walczuk, André, Guimarães Campos, José Eloi, and Santos Batista Teles, Lucas, 2025. Potential and effective recharge of the Federal District shallow aquifers, Brazilian savanna region - coupled analysis of GLDAS-2, Water Table Fluctuation (WTF) and rainfall pattern. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 156:105426, doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2025.105426.

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@ARTICLE{2025JSAES.15605426W,
       author = {{Walczuk}, Andr{\'e} and {Guimar{\~a}es Campos}, Jos{\'e} Eloi and {Santos Batista Teles}, Lucas},
        title = "{Potential and effective recharge of the Federal District shallow aquifers, Brazilian savanna region - coupled analysis of GLDAS-2, Water Table Fluctuation (WTF) and rainfall pattern}",
      journal = {Journal of South American Earth Sciences},
     keywords = {Porous aquifer, Cerrado biome, Climate water budget, GRACE, Water table fluctuation, Rainfall, Moving average},
         year = 2025,
        month = apr,
       volume = {156},
          eid = {105426},
        pages = {105426},
     abstract = "{Aquifer recharge is a key parameter for water management. Rainfall
        pattern shifts combined with external factors such as vadose
        zone properties and evapotranspiration determine groundwater
        fluctuation. Different combinations of these variables within
        aquifer time response might cause a disequilibrium in water
        budget, threatening both surface and groundwater availability.
        An important approach to understanding groundwater behavior is
        the evaluation of potential and effective recharge considering
        multiple methodologies. This study provides an analysis of the
        porous aquifer of the Federal District, Brazil. The area is
        relevant for national and international water production, as it
        hosts the headwaters of three hydrographic regions: Amazonas,
        Tocantins-Araguaia, and Paran{\'a}/Paraguay. Potential recharge
        estimations and delineation of deficit periods were compiled
        from the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) climatic
        network and have been found to be a suitable database to support
        rainfall distribution analysis. Effective recharge was estimated
        based on the water table fluctuation - WTF method applied to
        GLDAS-2/GRACE groundwater storage model (GWS) and water level
        time series of five monitoring wells. According to the satellite
        data, 22{\textendash}40\% of the corresponding hydrological year
        rainfall is converted into saturated zone recharge. Direct
        observations estimations are 22{\textendash}48\%. Spearman's
        correlation coefficients for GWS and WL are up to 0.90, so that
        modeled time series are reliable for trend analysis. A coupled
        analysis of climatic and water table data has shown that
        groundwater position is well described by moving average
        rainfall. Ideal windows were found to be between 150 and 270
        days and dependent on groundwater depth, with the latter being
        the most representative. The study of Federal District porous
        aquifer for management purposes could consider a minimum of
        2-year rainfall time series. Maintenance of total volume but
        atypical or unevenly distribution along this window has the
        potential to alter hydraulic head by the end of the dry season
        and the subsequent water table ascension period. Future work at
        the Cerrado Biome can consider the methods herein presented to
        corroborate research findings and expand the variety of
        geomorphological and pedological locations evaluated.}",
          doi = {10.1016/j.jsames.2025.105426},
       adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025JSAES.15605426W},
      adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}

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