Mon Oct 13, F. Flechtner
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Wang, Songyun, Wilson, Clark R., Chen, Jianli, Fu, Yuning, Kuang, Weijia, and Seo, Ki-Weon, 2025. Multi-Year Global Oscillations in GNSS Deformation and Surface Loading Contributions. Remote Sensing, 17(9):1509, doi:10.3390/rs17091509.
• from the NASA Astrophysics Data System • by the DOI System •
@ARTICLE{2025RemS...17.1509W,
author = {{Wang}, Songyun and {Wilson}, Clark R. and {Chen}, Jianli and {Fu}, Yuning and {Kuang}, Weijia and {Seo}, Ki-Weon},
title = "{Multi-Year Global Oscillations in GNSS Deformation and Surface Loading Contributions}",
journal = {Remote Sensing},
keywords = {six-year oscillation, GNSS, surface loading, satellite gravimetry, terrestrial water storage, wavelet transform},
year = 2025,
month = apr,
volume = {17},
number = {9},
eid = {1509},
pages = {1509},
abstract = "{Recent studies have identified a near six-year oscillation (SYO) in
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) surface
displacements, with a degree 2, order 2 spherical harmonic (SH)
pattern and retrograde motion. The cause is uncertain, with
proposals ranging from deep Earth to near-surface sources. This
study investigates the SYO and possible causes from surface
loading. Considering the irregular spatiotemporal distribution
of GNSS data and the variety of contributors to surface
displacements, we used synthetic experiments to identify optimal
techniques for estimating low degree SH patterns. We confirm a
reported retrograde SH degree 2, order 2 displacement using GNSS
data from the same 35 stations used in a previous study for the
1995{\textendash}2015 period. We also note that its amplitude
diminished when the time span of observations was extended to
2023, and the retrograde dominance became less significant using
a larger 271-station set. Surface loading estimates showed that
terrestrial water storage (TWS) loads contributed much more to
the GNSS degree 2, order 2 SYO, than atmospheric and oceanic
loads, but TWS load estimates were highly variable. Four TWS
sources{\textemdash}European Centre for Medium-Range Weather
Forecasts Reanalysis 5 (ERA5), Modern-Era Retrospective analysis
for Research and Applications (MERRA), Global Land Data
Assimilation System (GLDAS), and Gravity Recovery and Climate
Experiment (GRACE/GRACE Follow-On){\textemdash}yielded a wide
range (24\% to 93\%) of predicted TWS contributions with
GRACE/GRACE Follow-On being the largest. This suggests that TWS
may be largely responsible for SYO variations in GNSS
observations. Variations in SYO GNSS amplitudes in the extended
period (1995{\textendash}2023) were also consistent with near
surface sources.}",
doi = {10.3390/rs17091509},
adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025RemS...17.1509W},
adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
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