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Evaluation of GOCE/GRACE and combined global geopotential models using GNSS/levelling data over Nigeria

Bako, Michael, Elsaka, Basem, Kusche, Jürgen, and Fenoglio-Marc, Luciana, 2025. Evaluation of GOCE/GRACE and combined global geopotential models using GNSS/levelling data over Nigeria. Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica, 69(1):1–21, doi:10.1007/s11200-023-0804-6.

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@ARTICLE{2025StGG...69....1B,
       author = {{Bako}, Michael and {Elsaka}, Basem and {Kusche}, J{\"u}rgen and {Fenoglio-Marc}, Luciana},
        title = "{Evaluation of GOCE/GRACE and combined global geopotential models using GNSS/levelling data over Nigeria}",
      journal = {Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica},
     keywords = {GNSS/levelling geoid heights, Global Geopotential Models (GGMs), Spectral Enhancement Method (SEM), parameter transformation models, Engineering, Geomatic Engineering},
         year = 2025,
        month = jun,
       volume = {69},
       number = {1},
        pages = {1-21},
     abstract = "{Global Geopotential Models (GGMs) provide valuable information about
        Earth's gravity field functionals, such as geoid heights and
        gravity anomalies. However, ground-based datasets are required
        to validate these GGMs at the regional and local scales. In this
        study, we validated the accuracy of GGMs by comparing them with
        ground-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)/levelling
        data for the first time in Nigeria. We employed two validation
        scenarios: with and without considering spectral consistency
        using the spectral enhancement method (SEM) to incorporate high
        and very high frequencies of the gravity field spectrum from the
        combined global gravity field model (XGM2019e\_2159) and the
        residual terrain model (RTM) derived from the Shuttle Radar
        Topography Mission (SRTM) data, respectively. The results of
        this evaluation confirmed that the application of SEM improved
        the assessment of the GGM solutions in an unbiased manner.
        Integrating XGM2019e\_2159 and SRTM data to constrain the high-
        frequency component of geoid heights in Gravity Field and
        Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE)-based GGMs led to
        an improvement of approximately 10\% in reducing the standard
        deviation (STD) relative to when SEM was not applied.
        GO\_CONS\_GCF\_2\_TIM\_R6 at spherical harmonics (SH) of up to
        degree and order 260 demonstrated the lowest STD when compared
        to GO\_CONS\_GCF\_2\_DIR\_R6 and GO\_CONS\_GCF\_2\_SPW\_R5, with
        a reduction from 0.380 m without SEM application to 0.342 m with
        SEM implementation. In addition, four transformation models,
        namely, linear, four-parameter, five-parameter, and seven-
        parameter models, were evaluated. The objective is to mitigate
        the reference system offsets between the GNSS/levelling data and
        the GGMs and to identify the particular parametric model with
        the smallest STD across all GGMs. This effort reduced the GGMs
        misfits to GNSS/levelling to 0.30 m, representing a 15.3\%
        decrease in STD. Notably, the XGM2019e\_2159 model provides this
        improvement.}",
          doi = {10.1007/s11200-023-0804-6},
       adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025StGG...69....1B},
      adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}

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