Mon Oct 13, F. Flechtner
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Dharpure, Jaydeo K., Howat, Ian M., and Kaushik, Saurabh, 2025. Declining Groundwater Storage in the Indus Basin Revealed Using GRACE and GRACE-FO Data. Water Resources Research, 61(2):2024WR038279, doi:10.1029/2024WR038279.
• from the NASA Astrophysics Data System • by the DOI System •
@ARTICLE{2025WRR....6138279D,
author = {{Dharpure}, Jaydeo K. and {Howat}, Ian M. and {Kaushik}, Saurabh},
title = "{Declining Groundwater Storage in the Indus Basin Revealed Using GRACE and GRACE-FO Data}",
journal = {Water Resources Research},
keywords = {GRACE, mass change, Himalayan region, machine learning, time series, trend},
year = 2025,
month = feb,
volume = {61},
number = {2},
pages = {2024WR038279},
abstract = "{Snow and glacier melt provide freshwater to millions of people in the
Indus basin. However, the unprecedented increase in demand for
freshwater and depleting resources due to climate warming has
put the region's water resources at risk. Therefore, quantifying
water mass variation and anticipating changes in hydrological
regimes that affect downstream freshwater supply are of utmost
importance. To address this, we used Gravity Recovery and
Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE Follow-On derived
terrestrial water storage anomaly (TWSA) data from April 2002 to
May 2023 over the Indus basin. Several gaps in these data,
totaling 33 months, significantly impact regional trends and
predictions of water mass changes. We apply a machine learning-
based MissForest algorithm to fill these gaps and compare our
results with four previous studies. Annual TWSA shows a
declining trend (‑0.65 cm/yr) before 2015/16, with a
significantly higher (‑2.16 cm/yr) after 2015/16. Based on the
estimate for the annual groundwater storage anomaly (GWSA), a
major portion (83.7\%) of the basin is experiencing a
significant declining trend (>‑0.15 cm/yr, p < 0.05). Glaciated
region has a less severe decreasing trend (‑0.78 cm/yr) compared
to the non-glaciated region (‑1.44 cm/yr). Among sub-basins, the
upper Indus shows the lowest decline (‑0.42 cm/yr), while
Panjnad exhibits the highest (‑1.70 cm/yr). Annual precipitation
and runoff are decreasing, while temperature shows no trend.
However, evapotranspiration is increasing might be due to a
significant increase in vegetation (0.23\%/yr) over the basin.
The trends of hydroclimatic variables, vegetation, and
anthropogenic factors, indicate a consistently decreasing GWSA
in the region.}",
doi = {10.1029/2024WR038279},
adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025WRR....6138279D},
adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
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