GRACE and GRACE-FO Related Publications (no abstracts)

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Declining Groundwater Storage in the Indus Basin Revealed Using GRACE and GRACE-FO Data

Dharpure, Jaydeo K., Howat, Ian M., and Kaushik, Saurabh, 2025. Declining Groundwater Storage in the Indus Basin Revealed Using GRACE and GRACE-FO Data. Water Resources Research, 61(2):2024WR038279, doi:10.1029/2024WR038279.

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@ARTICLE{2025WRR....6138279D,
       author = {{Dharpure}, Jaydeo K. and {Howat}, Ian M. and {Kaushik}, Saurabh},
        title = "{Declining Groundwater Storage in the Indus Basin Revealed Using GRACE and GRACE-FO Data}",
      journal = {Water Resources Research},
     keywords = {GRACE, mass change, Himalayan region, machine learning, time series, trend},
         year = 2025,
        month = feb,
       volume = {61},
       number = {2},
        pages = {2024WR038279},
     abstract = "{Snow and glacier melt provide freshwater to millions of people in the
        Indus basin. However, the unprecedented increase in demand for
        freshwater and depleting resources due to climate warming has
        put the region's water resources at risk. Therefore, quantifying
        water mass variation and anticipating changes in hydrological
        regimes that affect downstream freshwater supply are of utmost
        importance. To address this, we used Gravity Recovery and
        Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE Follow-On derived
        terrestrial water storage anomaly (TWSA) data from April 2002 to
        May 2023 over the Indus basin. Several gaps in these data,
        totaling 33 months, significantly impact regional trends and
        predictions of water mass changes. We apply a machine learning-
        based MissForest algorithm to fill these gaps and compare our
        results with four previous studies. Annual TWSA shows a
        declining trend (‑0.65 cm/yr) before 2015/16, with a
        significantly higher (‑2.16 cm/yr) after 2015/16. Based on the
        estimate for the annual groundwater storage anomaly (GWSA), a
        major portion (83.7\%) of the basin is experiencing a
        significant declining trend (>‑0.15 cm/yr, p < 0.05). Glaciated
        region has a less severe decreasing trend (‑0.78 cm/yr) compared
        to the non-glaciated region (‑1.44 cm/yr). Among sub-basins, the
        upper Indus shows the lowest decline (‑0.42 cm/yr), while
        Panjnad exhibits the highest (‑1.70 cm/yr). Annual precipitation
        and runoff are decreasing, while temperature shows no trend.
        However, evapotranspiration is increasing might be due to a
        significant increase in vegetation (0.23\%/yr) over the basin.
        The trends of hydroclimatic variables, vegetation, and
        anthropogenic factors, indicate a consistently decreasing GWSA
        in the region.}",
          doi = {10.1029/2024WR038279},
       adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025WRR....6138279D},
      adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}

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