Publications related to the GRACE Missions (no abstracts)

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Simultaneous multiplicative column–normalized method with time propagation (4DSMART+) for 4D tomography of topside ionosphere and plasmasphere in comparison with NeQuick and SMART+

Gerzen, Tatjana and Minkwitz, David, 2026. Simultaneous multiplicative column–normalized method with time propagation (4DSMART+) for 4D tomography of topside ionosphere and plasmasphere in comparison with NeQuick and SMART+. Advances in Space Research, 77(5):6280–6294, doi:10.1016/j.asr.2025.12.113.

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@ARTICLE{2026AdSpR..77.6280G,
       author = {{Gerzen}, Tatjana and {Minkwitz}, David},
        title = "{Simultaneous multiplicative column-normalized method with time propagation (4DSMART+) for 4D tomography of topside ionosphere and plasmasphere in comparison with NeQuick and SMART+}",
      journal = {Advances in Space Research},
         year = 2026,
        month = mar,
       volume = {77},
       number = {5},
        pages = {6280-6294},
     abstract = "{In this paper, we introduce the 4D tomography method 4DSMART+ and apply
        it for the reconstruction of the topside ionosphere and
        plasmasphere during the first 59 days of the year 2015. 4DSMART+
        combines the 3D tomography method SMART+ with a time propagation
        model and uses the NeQuick model as background model. In order
        to validate 4DSMART+, a plausibility check is performed by
        comparison of the STEC estimated to the assimilated STEC
        measurements, which shows a consistency with a mean error of 0.1
        TECU and a standard deviation of 3.4 TECU. Furthermore, 4DSMART+
        is compared to SMART+ and the NeQuick model with respect to its
        capability to reproduce independent STEC data from the three LEO
        satellites GRACE and Swarm A. In addition, we analyse the
        quality of the estimated electron density profiles by means of
        ionospheric radio occultation (IRO) profiles provided by the six
        COSMIC-1 satellites. The results show that 4DSMART+ decreases
        the median STEC error for GRACE and Swarm A STEC by up to
        {\ensuremath{\sim}}84 \% and {\ensuremath{\sim}}99 \%,
        respectively, compared to SMART+ and the NeQuick model. In terms
        of electron density profiles, 4DSMART+ reduces the median of the
        absolute relative residuals by up to 13 \% in comparison to
        SMART+ and the NeQuick model.}",
          doi = {10.1016/j.asr.2025.12.113},
       adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026AdSpR..77.6280G},
      adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}

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