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Thermosphere response to the May 2024 geomagnetic storm over the South American sector

Navarro, L. A., Fejer, B. G., Meriwether, J. W., Martinis, C., Zhang, S. R., Kerr, R., Souza, J. R., Scipion, D., Siemes, C., Doornbos, E., and Ponomarenko, P., 2026. Thermosphere response to the May 2024 geomagnetic storm over the South American sector. Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, 13:1830431, doi:10.3389/fspas.2026.1830431.

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@ARTICLE{2026FrASS..1330431N,
       author = {{Navarro}, L.~A. and {Fejer}, B.~G. and {Meriwether}, J.~W. and {Martinis}, C. and {Zhang}, S.~R. and {Kerr}, R. and {Souza}, J.~R. and {Scipion}, D. and {Siemes}, C. and {Doornbos}, E. and {Ponomarenko}, P.},
        title = "{Thermosphere response to the May 2024 geomagnetic storm over the South American sector}",
      journal = {Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences},
     keywords = {adiabatic heating, disturbance winds, low latitude thermosphere ionosphere, neutral winds-plasma drifts, storm-time wind gradients, super geomagnetic storm, thermospheric temperature variations, travelling atmospheric disturbances},
         year = 2026,
        month = aug,
       volume = {13},
          eid = {1830431},
        pages = {1830431},
     abstract = "{We examined the thermospheric wind and temperature response over the
        South American sector during the main and early recovery phases
        of the 10--11 May 2024 geomagnetic superstorm. Our coordinated
        set of Fabry-Perot Interferometer (FPI), satellite-derived, and
        radar observations were obtained from observatories located at
        El Leoncito (Argentina, 31.8{\textdegree}S, 69.3{\textdegree}W),
        Cachoeira Paulista (Brazil, 22.7{\textdegree}S,
        45{\textdegree}W), Santar{\'e}m (Brazil, 2.4{\textdegree}S,
        54.7{\textdegree}W), and Jicamarca (Peru, 11.96{\textdegree}S,
        76.86{\textdegree}W), as well as from the Gravity Recovery and
        Climate Experiment Follow-On (GRACE-FO) 1 satellite. The
        observations reveal a prompt low-latitude response to the storm
        sudden commencement, characterized by strong upward and westward
        plasma drifts and nearly simultaneous westward neutral wind
        disturbances, followed by intense nighttime thermospheric
        perturbations with pronounced longitudinal and latitudinal
        variability. Zonal winds were initially weakly eastward over El
        Leoncito and strongly westward over Cachoeira Paulista before
        evolving to strongly westward and weakly eastward at early
        morning over each site respectively. Transhemispheric meridional
        wind surges of \raisebox{-0.5ex}\textasciitilde100 m/s at
        equatorial latitudes coincided with large-scale traveling
        ionospheric disturbances, while El Leoncito and Cachoeira
        Paulista exhibited mild meridional disturbances. Thermospheric
        temperatures were significantly enhanced throughout the night,
        with superimposed impulsive enhancements. These features are
        consistent with wind-field reorganizations and vertical motions,
        suggesting adiabatic processes associated with traveling
        atmospheric disturbances (TADs). These results provide new
        observational constraints on the low-latitude thermospheric
        response during an extreme geomagnetic storm and highlight the
        importance of neutral dynamics in storm-time thermosphere--
        ionosphere coupling.}",
          doi = {10.3389/fspas.2026.1830431},
       adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026FrASS..1330431N},
      adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}

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