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Response of Thermospheric Neutral Density and Joule Heating to Intense Geomagnetic Storms Driven by Complex Interplanetary Structures

Wang, Xin, Aa, Ercha, Wang, Jingjing, Cai, Lei, Zeng, Yunshi, Li, Ming, Liu, Siwei, Cao, Zhu, Luo, Bingxian, and Liu, Siqing, 2026. Response of Thermospheric Neutral Density and Joule Heating to Intense Geomagnetic Storms Driven by Complex Interplanetary Structures. Journal of Geophysical Research (Space Physics), 131(8):e2025JA034708, doi:10.1029/2025JA034708.

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@ARTICLE{2026JGRA..13134708W,
       author = {{Wang}, Xin and {Aa}, Ercha and {Wang}, Jingjing and {Cai}, Lei and {Zeng}, Yunshi and {Li}, Ming and {Liu}, Siwei and {Cao}, Zhu and {Luo}, Bingxian and {Liu}, Siqing},
        title = "{Response of Thermospheric Neutral Density and Joule Heating to Intense Geomagnetic Storms Driven by Complex Interplanetary Structures}",
      journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research (Space Physics)},
     keywords = {thermospheric neutral density, joule heating, geomagnetic storms, interplanetary structure},
         year = 2026,
        month = aug,
       volume = {131},
       number = {8},
          eid = {e2025JA034708},
        pages = {e2025JA034708},
     abstract = "{We investigate the response of thermospheric neutral density and
        associated Joule heating (JH) with different interplanetary
        structures during 73 intense geomagnetic storms. Neutral density
        is derived from accelerometers onboard CHAMP, GRACE--A, SWARM--
        C, and GRACE--FO satellites during 2001--2024. We estimate the
        JH variation using the data from the DMSP spacecraft and the
        Weimer electric potential model. Four typical interplanetary
        structures identified as the primary drivers of intense storms
        (Dst <= -100 nT) are analyzed in terms of their influences on
        neutral density and JH: isolated interplanetary coronal mass
        ejections (ICMEs) (29\% storms), successive ICMEs (44\% storms),
        interacting ICME--HSS structures (26\% storms), and high--speed
        streams (HSSs) alone (1\% storm). The middle two categories
        represent the complex interplanetary structures. The results
        show that neutral density and associated JH were significantly
        enhanced during the May 2024 superstorm driven by successive
        ICMEs. The complex interplanetary structures, including
        successive ICMEs and interacting ICME--HSS structures, lead to
        significant and prolonged neutral density enhancements during
        intense storms, in contrast to isolated ICMEs. During successive
        ICME--driven storms, enhanced interplanetary magnetic field and
        solar wind (SW) are associated with increased JH, which has a
        strong impact on storm--time neutral density. The interaction
        between ICMEs and HSSs causes the same distribution in density
        intensity as that during isolated ICME--induced intense storms
        but substantially extends the duration of density enhancement,
        plausibly resulting from enhanced SW due to interacting ICME--
        HSS structures.}",
          doi = {10.1029/2025JA034708},
       adsurl = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026JGRA..13134708W},
      adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}

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